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Japanese Sword Training in the
West
by Kim Taylor
kataylor@uoguelph.ca
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~iaido
So you want to be a modern samurai? Well the primary weapon of the samurai
(at least during the Tokugawa era from about 1603 to 1868) was the sword,
so it would be wise to start your journey of transformation by studying
the sword. In the West we have several choices for training with the
Katana. I'll outline them and try to provide a bit of background
concerning the practice and its connection to the samurai.
It is often supposed that the Japanese sword arts of today are directly
linked to the arts of the Sengoku Jidai, the age of wars that predated the
Tokugawa peace. While it is true that some of the schools I will describe
claim an unbroken lineal descent from that time to this, it is doubtful
what we study today is what was practiced on those long ago battlefields.
By the very fact of being "living arts" the Japanese sword schools have
changed with their times. The arts as practiced today are designed and
intended to be practiced by the people of today, not the samurai of half a
millennium ago. Each headmaster of the art was and is a product of his
time, he lived (or lives) within his or her society, as do the students of
the art. With each generation the art changes, old skills are dropped and
new skills developed to reflect the needs of the time.
Add to that the relative lack of detailed technical writing about the
schools (often what was written was barely more than a listing of
techniques) and you are left with the almost inescapable conclusion that
what we practice today is barely linked to what the Samurai in the wars
practiced.
But don't despair, the techniques may have been changed, tarted up,
beautified, or what have you, but the methods of practice remain, as do
the benefits of that practice.
Arts in the West
First a bit of a disclaimer. I will attempt to give this listing in order
of the relative likelihood of finding instruction. The arts with the
largest number of instructors will be listed first, those which you are
unlikely to find without a lot of luck, later. This is, however, not a
statistically accurate ranking. I may get it wrong. I may also have some
specific information a bit muddled, this is, after all a survey article,
not a history book so I won't be citing sources and defending my thesis
before a panel. Take it with a grain of salt and do your own investigation
if you get interested. The internet is a great place to start, there are
newsgroups, mailing lists, and thousands of websites devoted to the
Japanese sword.
I'll also try not to pass judgement on any of the arts I will describe,
but I will try to give the reader an accurate (again, as I perceive it)
idea of where the arts came from, and what they teach. I fully expect to
be blasted for this attempt, so please take note of my email address and
don't go blasting those who don't deserve it.
Aikido
There are several different flavours of Aikido, Aiki-jutsu, and Daito-ryu
in the West, and the total number of students would be quite impressive
I'm sure. A large number of these schools include some form of sword
training in their practice. I'm most familiar with the "Aikikai", the
direct line schools founded by Morihei Ueshiba and continued by the late
Kisshomoru Ueshiba so I'll start there.
The particular sword arts studied by Morihei Ueshiba are somewhat unclear,
at least as far as what, exactly, he learned, and for how long. Before he
met Sokaku Takeda of the Daito-ryu, Ueshiba studied a couple of ju-jutsu
schools and the Yagyu Shingan-ryu, a classical style that still includes
practice (or at least demonstrations) in full battle armour.
Sokaku Takeda, founder of Daito-ryu Aiki-jutsu (okay, we can debate the
founder label another time) studied the Itto-ryu, a sword style we'll
mention again in relation to Kendo. I suspect Ueshiba was deeply
influenced by this style through Takeda.
Later, as Aikido was established, there was contact with the Kashima
Shinto-ryu school, and this influence can be seen most clearly in the
sword matching kata preserved by Morihiro Saito and his "Iwama-style"
Aikido. By all accounts, however, the Aikido of Ueshiba's later years, and
through the years his son led the Aikikai, the sword was not practiced
much. The result of this was that many of the senior Aikido instructors
practice a rather idiosyncratic style of sword. The same can be said of
course, about the other major Aikido styles such as Tomiki and Yoshinkan
whose founders had varying amounts of sword experience under Ueshiba and
the other visitors to the dojo, or in other places.
Most of these senior instructors will readily admit to a lack of formal
instruction in the sword, and to practicing a sword style that "is in
accord with the principles of Aikido". This means that the sword you
practice in Aikido may have a tenuous connection with the classical arts.
Remember though, as I said above, the classical arts may themselves have a
rather tenuous connection to the past.
There are groups within the Aikikai (and other organizations) who also
studied sword arts outside their Aikido practice. In particular I am
thinking of those in Europe and the USA who practiced Muso Shinden-ryu
Iaido with Takeshi Mitsuzuka. This iai practice is well integrated with
the Aikido practice in many dojo. Although this is likely the largest
"group" of Aikido instructors practicing a particular line of iaido, many
other instructors practice this art, and other classical arts to gain
insight into the sword, and hopefully, into their own Aikido practice.
The "Aikijutsu" schools of various shapes in the West, are even more
fragmented than the Aikido schools, and I won't attempt to classify them
or the sword arts offered, but I suspect the main points made about Aikido
will be accurate for those "jutsu" derived from Aikido. Those "Aikijutsu"
which are derived from Daito-ryu will be influenced by the sword of that
art. Which is to say, not much exposed to the sword at all. As was the
case with Aikido, Sokaku Takeda in his later days, and his son Tokimune,
did not practice the sword much, concentrating on the unarmed aspects of
the art. There are, however, some lines of the art in which Itto-ryu is
practiced.
So, the most likely place for the typical "samurai to be" off the street
to encounter the Japanese sword is in the Aiki based arts. The sword found
in these schools does, for the most part, have a real basis in the
"classical" art, which means the grip, stance and swing will be within the
range of what was taught during the Tokugawa era. But I doubt you will
find a classical style that will match what you learn.
A brief explanation of why the sword was dropped from these arts: World
War II and the aftermath, where all forms of "classical" martial arts
were, to say the least, out of favour.
The Aikido sword is usually a "bokken" a carved, wooden replica of the
katana. In Aikido the sword is usually without a guard. Practice is most
often done solo, and with a partner in simple repetitive patterned strikes
and blocks. Sometimes you will find kata, or more complex patterns of
attack, defence and footwork. Those schools which practice iaido mostly do
so in the way described below for that art.
Kendo
After an Aikido dojo, I suspect the next most likely find will be the
Kendo dojo. Kendo is a "modern" art (of about 200-300 years) which
involves a "freestyle" form of practice involving body armour and a
replica sword made of four staves of bamboo. The main root art of Kendo is
Itto-ryu, which is one of the major streams of sword practice. Kendo was
developed from the various classical styles by instructors who wanted to
go further than the patterned practice with wooden swords.
This art is much easier to describe than Aikido since it is a single,
unified, world-wide art. By far and away, the majority of people who
practice Kendo in the world do so under a single national body which in
turn belongs to the International Kendo Federation. The IKF holds a world
championship each three years, the next being in the United States. Any
kendoka in the world can walk into a club anywhere else in the world and
feel at home practicing.
Kendo also includes a set of ten kata which are practiced with wooden long
and short swords and without armour. These are called (ready?) the Kendo
kata, and are based on the old sword schools. The kata are named "one"
through "ten" which kind of reflects the sort of art Kendo is. Direct, to
the point, and no frills.
The Kendo Federation also oversees two other sections of practice, Iaido
and Jodo. There is a set of 10 Iaido kata and 12 Jodo kata which were
developed by the Federation for practice, demonstration and grading
purposes. The Iaido kata were derived from several schools but mostly from
Muso Jikiden Eishin-ryu and Muso Shinden-ryu. The jodo kata were derived
exclusively from the Shindo Muso-ryu. There are large numbers of Iaido
clubs in the West which are affiliated with the Kendo Federations. In
Europe there are also many Jodo clubs which are affiliated with the
national Kendo Federations, but in the Americas this is not the case at
the moment.
Iaido
Okay, let's get a bit more complex again. There is a Kendo Federation
which
includes Iaido clubs, these do the Kendo Iaido kata. If they are mostly a
Kendo club this may be all they do but most of these dojo also practice an
iaido koryu, an old school style. The Iaido section was added to the Kendo
Federation in the late 60s. Prior to that in Japan the All Japan Iaido
Federation was founded by the then headmaster of the Muso Jikiden
Eishin-ryu. The AJIF (or ZNIR in Japanese acronym language) has a set of 5
common kata for grading, practice and demonstration, and all the schools
in this organization also practice a koryu.
Those are the two major "organizations" you will find in the West. You
will also find a significant number of "independents" and even some other
organizations of some size, such as the San Shin Kai (which is the
Aikido-based organization of Takeshi Mitsuzuka in North America).
Iaido is practiced alone, using a metal blade to perform set kata
involving a draw and cut, a finishing cut or cuts, a symbolic cleaning of
the blade, and a replacement of the blade back into the scabbard. Many
Iaido schools also have partner practice kata done with wooden swords (in
this case usually called "bokuto" rather than "bokken", same thing) in
specific patterns, and without armour.
In the wars preceding the Tokugawa era, the sword was a secondary weapon,
especially toward the end when the gun became decisive on the battlefield.
In those days training in the sword would have been rudimentary at best,
and iai would have been of marginal use. With the Tokugawa, era the sword
became a symbol of the Samurai class, and was worn commonly. Combine the
availability of the weapon with the move of the Samurai into the towns and
you now have the atmosphere where a "quick draw" sword art might be useful
on being attacked.
Many of the Iaido koryu trace their lineage back to Hayashizaki Jinsuke
who developed the art around 1600. Muso Jikiden Eishin-ryu, traces its
line through over 20 headmasters to Hayashizaki. There are other schools
which contain an iai art, some claiming to be older than Hayashizaki, some
younger. I won't go through the individual iaido schools since most
practice in similar ways to what I have described above.
Kenjutsu
At this point, after describing kendo and iaido many people in the West
will expect to see the art of "kenjutsu" described, this being something
that is "more battlefield oriented than kendo". There is no art of
kenjutsu, at least in the sense that there is a "Kendo". Kenjutsu is an
overall term for sword arts, and could actually include iai as well as
modern kendo, although most westerners figure it means any art with wooden
(or even metal!) swords done with a partner. If you want to press me, I
might say that kenjutsu is what happens after you get the sword out of
your scabbard. Of course this includes kendo.
I tend to use "koryu ken" as a term for the older schools (ken and iai).
Now, what's an older school? I tend to say anything that originated before
the Meiji restoration in 1868. There's little data on any koryu ken before
1600, (too busy fighting to codify fighting styles I imagine) so most of
them were developed, codified or invented during the Tokugawa (Edo) era.
Of course that also includes Kendo again.
And the place of "kenjutsu" (the koryu ken that are not Kendo or iaido) in
this list? Quite a bit further down I'm afraid, it isn't very popular and
likely never will be.
Ninjutsu
Another relatively common source of Japanese sword practice is the various
Ninjutsu dojo. Having experienced the rise of Ninjutsu after the Kung Fu
craze, and it's retreat in the face of the Brazilian jujutsu fad, I'm not
really sure how many dojo are left. Many of those that are, now claim
descent from several more or less mainstream sword and jujutsu koryu. I
haven't examined any of these in much detail, but, as with Aikido your
experience of the sword is going to depend mainly on the instructor.
Pretty much by self-definition, however, you will not be learning how to
be a "samurai" but how to be an "anti-samurai" agent in these schools.
Shinkendo
Toshishiro Obata, movie actor, stunt man, student of Aikido, Nakamura-ryu,
and other things has developed his own style of sword practice with wooden
weapons which is highly reminiscent (to me at least) of Aikido sword
practice. He also includes test cutting with metal blades. This art is in
the process of development, but there are several dojo in the USA and
Canada.
Toyama-Ryu / Nakamura-Ryu /
Batto
I've lumped these arts, derived mostly from the teachings of Nakamura
sensei, into one grouping although the reality is a bit more complex.
These groups practice sword drawing (iai), test cutting, and in some
cases, partner practice with wooden weapons. There are a few dojo
scattered about in the west.
Both these last two arts are recent developments (since WWII) out of older
schools. It remains to be seen how closely they remain tied to the older
methods of practice.
The Koryu
At this point we've pretty much exhausted the common sources of Japanese
sword training, and come to the old schools themselves. These arts are not
common in Japan, and even less so outside that country. In fact I would
guess that most of the old schools are completely unrepresented in the
West, and those that are might be represented by a single individual. I
will likely forget a few of the schools in what follows so take it as a
representative list, rather than as a comprehensive list.
Shindo Muso-Ryu
One koryu that is actually quite well represented outside Japan is Shindo
Muso-ryu, a school known mostly for jodo, but which also practices the
sword, both as an attacking weapon for jo training, and as an art in
itself represented by the Shinto-ryu sword kata.
As mentioned previously, there are many dojo in Europe that are associated
with the various national Kendo federations. There are also dojo in Europe
and in North America which are affiliated with independent organizations
or individual instructors. It will be several years before the Kendo
federations in North America begin to support jodo, even to the extent
that they support iaido now.
At this time SMR jodo is likely too large to ever be unified again under a
single headmaster, and outside the Kendo federation there is no system of
competition to encourage a unified practice so one can expect the art to
drift into several streams as Aikido has done.
Jodo traces it's lineage back to Muso Gunnosuke, who lived in the first
half of the 17th century. It was nourished through many generations in the
Kuroda clan and was consolidated in its present form by Shimizu sensei,
the last (25th) headmaster who popularized the art in Tokyo, and who
introduced it into the Kendo Federation.
Kashima-Shinryu
The Kashima-Shinryu has become quite well known in the west through the
writings of Karl Friday, a menkyo kaiden in the art who now teaches
history at the University of Georgia. There are dojo in Georgia,
California, Montana and one in Europe (I may have forgotten one). This
makes the Kashima-Shinryu one of the "up and comers" in the koryu
universe. The current headmaster is, a university professor who spends at
least some time in B.C. but I don't know of any people in that province of
Canada who are practicing the art.
Kashima-Shinryu is a composite art including several weapons and unarmed
practice. Sword practice is done with bokuto, fukuro-shinai and metal
blades used for iai (batto) practice.
Katori Shinto Ryu
This koryu might just be the best known of all, due mainly to the writings
of Donn Draeger who was a student of the "original" dojo under Ritsuke
Otake sensei. There are no other branch dojo of this "original", if you
want to drink from this cup you go to Japan and hope to be accepted by
Otake sensei.
There are, however, instructors of Katori Shinto-ryu outside Japan. These
come from at least three sources, two of which I believe trace back to the
third. Sugino sensei, who died recently, studied Katori Shinto-ryu under
the previous head instructor (prior to Otake sensei taking on the job) and
was granted permission to teach the art. He taught in his own dojo, and
also at the Aikido headquarters where Sugawara sensei, and Mochizuki
sensei (of Yoseikan budo) studied the art. These three have passed the art
on to many students in the west who continue to practice.
Eventually this will lead to a situation where the "branch" will be more
influential than the "root" which is not uncommon in the history of these
schools. Katori Shinto is also a multi-weaponed art, and the sword
practice includes bokuto and metal bladed practice.
Kogen Itto-Ryu (Classical
Kendo)
In the USA there are two or perhaps three schools of Kogen Itto-ryu style
kendo. One in Ohio and one in Utah. These dojo practice a variant of kendo
which includes a modified scoring system and expanded targets. They also
practice iai and kata with bokuto.
Tendo-Ryu Naginata
The International Naginata Federation (which practices Atarashii Naginata
or "modern" naginata, a competitive art rather like kendo) functions like
the International Kendo Federation with the competitive art being
homogenous, and with various koryu arts being associated. In the west
there are several dojo which practice one of these koryu, the Tendo-ryu
which, like Shindo Muso- ryu, contains sword training as an adjunct to the
main weapon. In this case the naginata, a pole weapon with a curved blade
at the tip.
Yagyu Shinkage Ryu
There are a couple of dojo on the East coast of the USA which offer Yagyu
Shinkage-ryu training. This art includes practice with bokuto, with a
bamboo weapon called a fukuro-shinai (a single split bamboo stave encased
in leather), and with metal blades. The bokuto and fukuro- shinai are used
in set partner practice while the metal blades are used in iai practice
(called Batto).
Araki-Ryu
One example of a school represented by a single individual in the West
would be the Araki-ryu. Ellis Amdur teaches the art in the northwestern
USA to a very few students. He learned the art in a similar sized
class.
These last two arts might be considered "classical" type koryu dojo in
that the lineage is very direct, from teacher to very few pupils, with no
intention or desire to teach large numbers of students. It is from arts
like these that Western students of the sword have got the idea that the
koryu were "secretive" things that required special initiation ceremonies,
fancy handshakes, and official letters of recommendation. From what I've
learned by talking to members of these schools I suspect the greater
reality is that the "secrecy" comes from being small and hard to find
rather than any deliberate attempt to keep students out. If you should
stumble upon a teacher of one of these arts, go ahead and talk to him or
her. Ask about his/her training, his instructors, and his current
connection with the school in Japan. If they are legitimate they will
answer the questions, I have yet to find a student of one of the koryu who
wasn't willing to talk your ear off.
If you're satisfied with the chat, ask to train. If the instructor has
taken a liking to you, you'll be welcome. If they don't like you, or if
they're not interested in more students they'll tell you no. I very much
doubt you'll be asked to sit at the temple gate for a week in the rain, or
asked to perform some special deed before being accepted. If you are,
you'd better think deeply about just what kind of instructor you have just
encountered.
Other Classical Styled
Schools
If everyone in the sword world isn't mad at me now, I'll try and make up
for that and collect the last few folks here.
I call these last schools "classical styled" since none of them can
provide an independently varifiable history or lineage more than one or
perhaps two generations past the current headmaster. They seem to be
largely Western phenomena, unknown in Japan but definitely rooted in
Japanese sword practice. The schools are usually relatively small but
often quite well known due to extensive media coverage. Examples of these
arts are the Kaze Arashi-ryu, and the arts headed by Fredrick Lovret and
Don Angier.
That's not to say they aren't good places to practice the sword, just that
you many not find any firm connections to Japan. If you happen across one
of these arts, or any of the other arts for that matter, check it out,
talk to the students, talk to the instructor, watch a class, try a class,
and then decide for yourself if this is the route you want to take to
samurai-hood.
If that all seems too much trouble but you still want to be a samurai,
call me and we'll talk about a high rank in Daidokoro-ryu for a modest
donation to the building fund. Now I think I'll go and hide for a month or
two.
Kim Taylor is the chief instructor of the Iaido Club of
the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada and holds fifth dan rank
from the Canadian Kendo Federation. He is a member of the CKH Iaido
grading committee, Vice President of the Ontario Kendo Federation,
Associate Editor of the Journal of Asian Martial Arts, and editor of The
Iaido Newsletter - an internationally-distributed monthly paper. For more
information about Kim Taylor, please visit his website here.
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